The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
RESPONSIBILITY ISSUES AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: A Practical Mechanism for Ethical Risk
Quote: the word “risk” refers, often rather vaguely, to situations in which it is possible but not certain that some undesirable event will occur. In technical contexts, the word has several more specialized uses and meanings.
Learning Expectations:
Distinction between risk and uncertainty is decision-theoretically useful, from an epistemological point of view it is in need of clarification. Only very rarely are probabilities known with certainty. Strictly speaking, the only clear-cut cases of “risk”.
Review:
It follows that almost all decisions are made “under uncertainty”. If a decision problem is treated as a decision “under risk”, this does not mean that the decision in question is made under conditions of completely known probabilities. Rather, it means that a choice has been made to simplify the description of this decision problem by treating it as a case of known probabilities. A major problem in the epistemology of risk is how to deal with the severe limitations that characterize our knowledge of the behaviour of unique complex systems that are essential for estimates of risk, such as the climate system, ecosystems, the world economy, etc. Each of these systems contains so many components and potential interactions that it is in practice unpredictable. However, in spite of this fundamental uncertainty, meaningful statements about some aspects of these systems can be made.
Lessons Learned
However, in practical applications it is important to distinguish between those probabilities that can be treated as known and those that are uncertain and therefore much more in need of continuous updating. Typical examples of the former are the failure frequencies of a technical component that are inferred from extensive and well-documented experience of its use. The latter case is exemplified by experts’ estimates of the expected failure frequencies of a new type of component
Integrative Questions
1. What is the Ethical Risk?
2. What is the practical Mechanism?
3. Find the risk?
4. Is there a moral on ethical risk?
5. What are the causes of risk?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
RESPONSIBILITY ISSUES AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: The Ethics of Cyber Conflict
Quote: “The Internet has become a communications tool for dissidents, which is great, but DDoS tools are becoming a way to silence them.”
Learning Expectations:
In April 2007, protests in Estonia, which was occupied by the Soviet Union for nearly four decades, resulted in attacks by ethnic Russians and their sympathizers on Estonian government networks.
Review:
A year later, cyber attacks on networks in the nation of Georgia accompanied the military conflict between that country’s government and Russia. Radio Free Europe suffered an attack nearly a year ago after it posted a report on the anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
China and Israel. While the attacks on Estonia disrupted online business services in that country, the attackers had primarily aimed at the attacks at government Web sites responsible for moving a statue of historical importance to Russian nationalists. And, while attacks on the former Soviet state of Georgia coincided with the movement of Russian.
Lessons Learned
Security experts reported an attack on the networks of another former Soviet state, Kyrgyzstan, Nazario stressed that he has yet to find any data that confirmed such an attack actually happened. While it could have been an internal conflict between an opposition party and the ruling political party, “privately people doubt.
Integrative Questions
1. What is cyber conflict
2. What are the ethics of cyber?
3. Is there are conflict in cyber?
4. Define cyber conflict
5. What are the networks of cyber?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
RESPONSIBILITY ISSUES AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Genetic Information: Epistemological and Ethical Issues
Quote: The human genome research is toward the identification of genes, genes that control normal biological functions and genes that create genetic disease or interact with other genes to precipitate hereditary disorders. Genes are being localized far more rapidly than treatments are being developed for the afflictions they cause and the human genome project.
Learning Expectations:
We all expected that the detection of a marker linked to the Huntington’s disease gene would require thousands of tests and probes, but the third probe that Gusella characterized and the twelfth one he tried hit the jackpot. He began with the Iowan family, whose samples were the first to be collected, and the probe, called G8, was weakly positive, but not significantly so.
Review:
Searched the DNA from these two families for a telltale marker, helping to develop what were to become standard laboratory procedures in such ventures. Jim sliced up each person’s DNA with restriction enzymes. He then developed markers, RFLPs, which he made radioactive. These markers were called anonymous because he did not know on which human chromosome they were located, only that they were in one unique spot in the genome, just like a gene, and they came in several forms so that individuals could be differentiated from one another. The fragments of chopped-up DNA from the family members were put on a gel that separates fragments on the basis of size. The radioactive probe (denatured, or single- stranded) was then added. When the probe is radioactive, it would “light up” where it was stuck on the gel, revealing distinctive bands. One would then need to check if a certain pattern of bands appeared only in individuals who had the disease and another pattern in their relatives who were healthy.
Lessons Learned
Our critics and even our supporters said, rightly, that we had been incredibly lucky. It was as though, without the map of the United States, we had looked for the killer by chance in Red Lodge, Montana, and found the neighborhood where he was living.
Integrative Questions
1. What is genetic?
2. What is DNA?
3. What are the Epistemological ?
4. What are the genetic information?
5. Define Genetic Information?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Virtual Reality and Computer Simulation
Quote: It could contain conscious minds which may or may not know that they are living inside a simulation. In its strongest form, the “simulation hypothesis” claims it is possible and even probable that we are actually living in such a simulation.
Learning Expectations:
The computer transfers sensory data to them and reads their desires and actions back; in this manner they interact with the simulated world and receive feedback from it. In a brain-computer interface simulation, each participant enters from outside, directly connecting their brain to the simulation computer.
Review:
For example, it is well known that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct, and if there is no problem in generating artificial consciousness from cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. However, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal consciousness is disputed. It is possible that consciousness requires a substrate of “real” physics, and simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be philosophical zombies. This would also seem to negate Nick Bostrom’s simulation argument; we cannot be inside a simulation, as conscious beings, if consciousness cannot be simulated
Lessons Learned
The simulation would be limited to the processing power of its host computer, and so there may be aspects of the simulation that are not computed at a fine-grained (e.g. subatomic) level. This might show up as a limitation on the accuracy of information that can be obtained in particle physics.
Like many others, assumes that accurate judgments about the simulating computer can be made from within the simulation. If we are being simulated, we might be misled about the nature computer.
Integrative Question
1. Is it possible, even in principle, to tell whether we are in a simulated reality?
2. Is there any difference between a simulated reality and a “real” one?
3. How should we behave if we knew that we were living in a simulated reality?
4. What is virtual simulation?
5. Define simulation?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 13: Ethical Issues of Information and Business
Quote: “Moral norms are important for the functioning of an economic system. If people did not honor contracts, pay their dues, give accurate information about products, and generally follow the moral code of society, economic transactions would become difficult to sustain (De George, 1999; Donaldson and Dunfee, 1999; Hausman and McPherson, 1996; Schwartz and Gibb, 1999; Sen, 1987).

Learning Expectations:
Well, basically I would want to learn all about this chapter and the Ethical Issues of Information and Business. I want to know what “Infosphere” means and what does it do to people.
Review:

Ethics or ethical manner is the right conduct that we should practice. It is a moral norm that most of us exercise. In business, there is also a norm or proper conduct that business people should follow. Privacy is a central issue of computer and information ethics as what this reading material is mentioned. For businesses, they want to stop these bad activities, because their businesses have been affected, so they want to find a solution that will stop or just even limit these bad activities.

All Businesses wants to a have privacy because there are some important details that they would want to keep in their company. It’s confidential. That’s why by reading this article, I have fully understand its importance. Any business should have an ethical issues of information because it will make them more competitive compare to others.

Lesson Learned

I have learned the meaning of Ethical Issues of Information and Business and how does it affect our lives.
Integrative Questions

1. What is privacy?

2. How does privacy affect the businesses?

3. Is it vulnerable?

4. How can companies monitor their privacy?

5. How can businesses prevent these intruders?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 12: Health Information Technology: Challenges in Ethics, Science, and Uncertainty

Quote: “As a practical matter, it is often essential for individuals to disclose sensitive, even potentially embarrassing, information to a health care provider to obtain appropriate care. Trust in professional ethics and established health privacy and confidentiality rules encourages individuals to share information they would not want publicly known”
Learning Expectations:
Well, basically I would want to learn all about this chapter and the Health Information Technology: Challenges in Ethics, Science, and Uncertainty. I want to know what “Infosphere” means and what does it do to people.

Review:

The use of decision support systems, based on my knowledge about the decision support system, you must have a system that will support all the decisions or files that may block the possible intruders. If I am sick, I won’t just type my symptoms and believe what the internet might say.

I will definitely go to hospital and ask for medical advice. Maybe it isn’t bad to check yourself thru the internet but it is not safe to depend on the internet about your condition.

Busy people might be used to this but I still do believe that anything we read and see in the internet are not all hundred percent reliable.

Lesson Learned
I have learned the meaning of Health Information Technology and how does it affect our lives. Now I its importance and I will share my new acquired knowledge to other people who don’t know about it.
Integrative Questions

1. What is Health Information Technology?

2. Is it safe?

3. Is it reliable?

4. Are most people relying on this now?

5. What are the reasons why most people trust this technology?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 11: Internet Research Ethics: The Field and Its Critical Issues
Quote: “Internet research ethics (IRE) is an emerging multi- and interdisciplinary field that systematically studies the ethical implications that arise from the use of the Internet as a space or locale of, and/or tool for, research. No one discipline can claim IRE as its own, as various disciplines since the 1990s have used the Internet for research and, to some extent, grappled with the ethical implications of such research.

Learning Expectations:
Well, basically I would want to learn all about this chapter and Internet Research Ethics: The Field and Its Critical Issues. I want to know what “Infosphere” means and what does it do to people.
Review:

Nowadays, there are a lot of issues arise when internet became popular. One common example is chatting and other social technology like face book and plurk. Most youngsters are all into chatting, meeting friends online and stuff.

Thru this a lot of crimes happened. Rape and stealing are common examples. Most cases are criminal cases that arise because of internet like the eyeball thingy and other stuff like that.

Lesson Learned

I have now learned to be more responsible in everything that I do especially when I used surf the net. I will lessen my surfing on the things that aren’t really important like chatting, eyeball, etc. because I know that it won’t do me good.

I just hope that other people will also realize it because it’s also for their own good. It will also lessen the crimes and bad things happening on our society. It will do a good thing for our society. I should be a role model for the youth because its for the next generation that will also use the internet.

Integrative Questions

1. What is Internet Research Ethics?

2. Can we live now without the internet?

3. Is internet is for good or for bad?

4. What makes internet especial?

5. The values can we get from using of Internet?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 10: Ethical Interest in Free and Open Source Software
Quote: The social pressure in the open source community to avoid code forking provides incentives for project leaders to ensure that the code is the best it can be. On the contrary, when an open source developer believes there is too much risk associated with a particular piece of code, he/she can rewrite it and release it. Although there is a reputation risk in doing so, there is the opportunity to publicly demonstrate that the forked product is superior.

Learning Expectations:
Well, basically I would want to learn all about this chapter and the Ethical Interest in Free and Open Source Software. I want to know what does it do to people.
Review:
I know that free or open source is something readily available for people to use. I also know that it has some of its limitations because the user didn’t pay for it. Computer programs are available for everyone, no fees or any means of compensation, but you must give credits to the author of these programs, or you must acknowledge their works after enhancing it or using it after. It is a matter of give and take. Things will be good if people would help each other to attain a prosperous community
Lesson Learned

I have learned the importance of free and open source software because it is very accessible for the people. Although, it also have some limitations.

Integrative Questions

1. What is an Open Source Software?

2. What is proprietary software?

3. What are the differences between the two?

4. Are the two have the same relationship with their consumers?

5. Financial Interest is not the concern of what software?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 9: Information Ethics and the Library Profession
Quote: Librarianship as a distinct profession, however, is relatively a recent development. With the advent of the printing press, collections of works became larger and more complex, thus creating a greater need for someone devoted to organizing and cataloging such collections.”

Learning Expectations:
Well, basically I would want to learn all about this chapter and the Information Ethics and the Library Profession. I want to know what “Infosphere” means and what does it do to people.

Review:

Basically, a typical library is just a library. It is stated that all libraries are all the same, in which its purpose is to store the collections of book that will serve as the information needed by the people, and for the people.

Librarians are information providers for they give information to students and other people inside the library. They know more about the things in the library.

Lesson Learned

I have learned that a librarian jobs is not just any ordinary job or task. A librarian is an information provider and that the core of librarianship is intellectual freedom

Integrative Questions

1. What is librarian?

2. The roles of librarian?

3. Roles of libraries?

4. What is the relation of librarians to It ethics?

5. How often we should visit a library?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 8: Ethical Issues Involving Computer Security: Hacking, Hacktivism, and Counterhacking

Quote: “There are two problems with this argument. First, assuming that hacking is a species of
trespass, it doesn’t follow that all hacking is wrong because not all trespasses are wrong. It is
permissible to trespass onto your land if doing so is the only way to capture a murderer fleeing
the crime scene; committing a minor trespass is morally justified as the only way to secure the
great good of stopping a killer. If hacking is trespass, then hacking necessary to secure some
good that significantly outweighs the evil involved in trespass would also be justified.
Second, and more importantly, it is not clear that the concept of trespass properly applies to
digital intrusions. The term “trespass” has largely been reserved—at least in moral usage—to
refer to acts in which one person enters upon physical space owned by another, but a hacker is
not in any literal sense entering upon a physical space owned by another person. Perhaps digital
intrusion is more like using heat sensors to see what is going on inside a house, which is not
usually characterized as “trespass,” than like coming into the house without permission.”
Learning Expectations:
Well, basically I would want to learn all about this chapter and the Ethical Issues Involving Computer Security: Hacking, Hacktivism, and Counterhacking. I want to know what it does to people.

Review:

Hacking is kind of activity that will improve or enhance an existing computer programs if it will be used in good purpose.
According to Wikipedia, Hacktivism (a portmanteau of hack and activism) is “the nonviolent use of illegal or legally ambiguous digital tools in pursuit of political ends. These tools include web site defacements, redirects, denial-of-service attacks, information theft, web site parodies, virtual sit-ins, virtual sabotage, and software development.”[1] It is often understood as the writing of code to promote political ideology – promoting expressive politics, free speech, human rights, or information ethics. Acts of hacktivism are carried out in the belief that proper use of code will have leveraged effects similar to regular activism or civil disobedience. Fewer people can write code, but code affects more people.
Lesson Learned

I have learned the good side of hacking. Now I know that there’s also an ethical way of hacking and I know that it will also do good use to people.

Integrative Questions

1. What is hacking?

2. What is hacktivism?

3. What is counter hacking?

4. How can we counter hack?

5. How to control hacking?