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The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
ACCESS AND EQUITY ISSUES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Intercultural Information Ethics
Quote: The word “philosophy” points to a specific way of questioning of the kind “what is?” (ti estin), and more precisely “what is being?”
Learning Expectations:
The Aristotle’s conception of practical philosophy is concerned with the reflection on the ways human beings dwell in the world, with their ethos, and their search for good life
Review:
According to Luhmann, the ethical discourse should not provide a given morality with a kind of fundamentum inconcussum or even become a meta-perspective beyond all other societal systems but, quite the contrary, it belongs to the self-referential process of morality itself.
Philosophic questioning is of the nature that it binds questions with the essence of the questioner. To answer the question ‘what is philosophy?’ is then by no means possible by referring to one of the possible answers alone, nor is it the result of looking for what is common to all of them as this would provide just a “void formula” (“leere Formel”) (Heidegger 1976, 19). It is also not sure that our answer, or Heidegger’s own, will be a philosophic one.
Lessons Learned
This situation of disturbance or insecurity may be a hint and even a “touchstone” that we are on a philosophic path. What is basic for grasping the differences among philosophic answers is their corresponding mood, including the sober mood of planning and calculating which is a characteristic of modern science and with it of what we use to call ‘modernity.’
Integrative Questions
1. How far does the Internet affect?
2. Is it for better or worse, local and particularly global cultures?
3. How far does it foster democratic processes inside and between them?
4. How do people construct their cultural identities within this medium?
5. How does it affect their customs, languages, and everyday problems?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
ACCESS AND EQUITY ISSUES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: The Digital Divide: A Perspective for the Future
Quote: Digital divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances in physical access to technology as well as the imbalances.
Learning Expectations:
The Internet has prompting intense speculation about its ultimate impact upon the economy, society and politics. Many hope that the Internet will be a powerful new force capable of transforming existing patterns of social inequality, strengthening linkages between citizens and representatives,
Review:
Much existing research on the Internet is based upon the situation in the United States, but it is not clear how far we can generalize more widely from this particular context. Democracies offer citizens different structures of opportunity to participate in their own governance. Based upon an examination of OECD countries.
Lessons Learned
The global digital divide, reflecting existing economic divisions in the world, which can clearly be seen in The Global Digital Divide image. This global digital divide widens the gap in economic divisions around the world. Countries with a wide availability of Internet access can advance the economics of that country on a local and global scale. In today’s society, jobs and education are directly related to the Internet, in that the advantages that come from the Internet are so significant that neglecting them would leave a company vulnerable in a changing market.” Andy Grove, the former chair of Intel, said that by the mid-2000s all companies will be Internet companies, or they won’t be companies at all. In countries where the Internet and other technologies are not accessible, education is suffering, and uneducated people and societies that are not benefiting from the information age, cannot be competitive in the global economy .
Integrative Questions
1. How to Continuing to Overcome the Digital Divide?
2. What is digital divide?
3. What are the effects of digital?
4. Is there an information age cannot competitive?
5. Define the digital divided?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
ACCESS AND EQUITY ISSUES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: The Gender Agenda in Computer Ethics
Quote: The branch of philosophy that analysis the nature and social impact of computer technology as well as the standards of conduct which pertain to proper use computers. It involves social issues, such as access rights, working place monitoring, censorship and junk mail.
Learning Expectations:
Computer Ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. The term “computer ethics” was first coined by Walter Maner in the mid-1970s, but only since the 1990s has it started being integrated into professional development programs in academic settings.
Review:
Some have argued against the idea of computer ethics as a whole. However, Collins and Miller proposed a method of identifying issues in computer ethics in their Paramedic Ethics model. The model is a data-centered view of judging ethical issues, involving the gathering, analysis, negotiation, and judging of data about the issue.In solving problems relating to ethical issues, Michael Davis proposed a unique problem-solving method. In Davis’s model, the ethical problem is stated, facts are checked, and a list of options is generated by considering relevant factors relating to the problem.
Lessons Learned
. The code is a four-point standard governing ethical behavior among computing professionals. It covers the core set of computer ethics from professional responsibility to the consequences of technology in society.
Integrative Questions
1. What is the agenda of computer ethics?
2. What are the ethics of agenda?
3. Find the ethical behavior among computer professional?
4. What are the responsibilities of computer?
5. Define computer ethics?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
ACCESS AND EQUITY ISSUES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Censorship and Access to Expression
Quote: Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. The legal issues are similar to offline censorship.
Learning Expectations:
Barring total control on Internet-connected computers, such as in North Korea and Cuba, total censorship of information on the Internet is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet.
Review:
The difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. Conversely, attempts by one government to prevent its citizens from seeing certain material can have the effect of restricting foreigners, because the government. Pseudonymity and allow unconditional free speech, as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical identity or organization.
Lessons Learned
The different level, the actions and reactions of large corporations to the Internet has to be factored into any discussion of economic censorship. Some firms have paid search engine companies for preferential placement in particular subject categories when a user submits an online search inquiry.
The world are now considering the filtering system known as PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selections) as an answer to their concerns, the question of parental controls also must be addressed. In many countries, the state justifies censorship with the claim that it is acting in loco parentis. Such claims, whether interpreted as “state as parent” or “state as Big Brother,” are responsible for many of the restrictions on information distribution found today across the world.
Integrative Questions
1. What is Auto-censorship against sexual words in matter for children?
2. How the users who are not administrators, has been known to query usernames?
3. Find the Yahoo email group system’s profanity blocker, set to block the acronym CP in descriptions of email groups?
4. How to treating it as meaning “child pornography”?
5. How to block it when a journalist setting up an email group used “CP?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
REGULATORY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Intellectual Property: Legal and Moral Challenges of Online File Sharing
Quote: The File sharing is the distribution or exchange of files over computer networks, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks in particular.
Learning Expectations:
I would like to know more about file-sharing. I would like to further expand my knowledge on online file sharing so that I could also share it to the people I know.
Review:
Network file sharing is the server-based approach in which a network host is designated as a file server. A file server implements at least one network file sharing protocol, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), Network File System (protocol) (NFS), Server Message Block (SMB, CIFS), or other network file systems. Computers seeking to access stored files utilize a compatible client-side protocol implementation and either mount an entire remote directory hierarchy within their file system or facilitate access, transfer, and local storage of individual remote files by means of a user application.Webhosting is also used for file-sharing; it is similar to the server-based approach, but uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and related technologies for file transfer. In small communities popular files can be distributed very quickly and efficiently without extra software in addition to the ubiquitous web browsers.
Lessons Learned
To understand peer-to-peer file sharing and what was indeed the very first implementation of peer-to-peer file sharing, you need to go back before the popularized form of the Internet as we know it. First use of Peer-to-peer file sharing was on a network similar to the Internet known as WWIVnet. WWIVnet was like FidoNet but it used a distributed model of nodes where traffic was re-routed based on the shortest distance between nodes
Integrative Questions
1. Why file-sharing enables people to share files?
2. What feature allows you to access and share files?
3. Is there a private sharing file?
4. What is Peer to Peer file sharing?
5. What are the technologies to use in file sharing?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
REGULATORY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: The Matter of Plagiarism: What, Why, and If
Quote: The information they present, accurate in their portrayal of texts and theories, reliably fair in their evaluations of students’ work. E-mail addresses are collected from chat rooms, websites, newsgroups, and viruses.
Learning Expectations:
The information and the honest presentation of one’s self are important responsibilities for career and citizenship. The habits students develop in college as they write papers prepare them for the kinds of writing and speaking they will do throughout a lifetime. Honesty and fairness cannot be compartmentalized as character traits to be practiced later, “when it really matters.”
Review:
The Plagiarism carries severe disciplinary and financial consequences. When a student is proven to have plagiarized a paper, he or she faces serious penalties, ranging from failure on the assignment to failure in the course. Plagiarism in the professional world can also lead to serious consequences, including professional disgrace, loss of position, and lawsuits.

Lessons Learned
The issue can be either legal, in the case where copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity, or merely ethical. Typically, self-plagiarism is only considered to be a serious ethical issue in settings where a publication is asserted to consist of new material, such as in academic publishing or educational assignments.
Integrative Questions
1. What are the liberal educations within the context of the historic Christian Faith?”
2. Is there “an atmosphere of search and confrontation that will liberate the minds, enhance?
3. What are the discernment, enlarge the sympathies?
4. How to encourage the commitments of all students?
5. What can be given to others in service to God and humanity?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
REGULATORY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Email Spam
Quote: E-mail addresses are collected from chat rooms, websites, newsgroups, and viruses which harvest users’ address books, and are sold to other spammers
Learning Expectations:
ISPs have attempted to recover the cost of spam through lawsuits against spammers, although they have been mostly unsuccessful in collecting damages despite winning in court.
Review:
Providers vary in their willingness or ability to enforce their AUP. Some actively enforce their terms and terminate spammers’ accounts without warning. Some ISPs lack adequate personnel or technical skills for enforcement, while others may be reluctant to enforce restrictive terms against profitable customers. As the recipient directly bears the cost of delivery, storage, and processing, one could regard spam as the electronic equivalent of “postage-due” junk mail. Due to the low cost of sending unsolicited e-mail and the potential profit entailed, some believe that only strict legal enforcement can stop junk e-mail.
Lessons Learned
It is not the country where the spammer resides, nor the country that hosts the spamvertised site. Due to the international nature of spam, the spammer, the hijacked spam sending computer, the spamvertised server, and the user target of the spam are all often located in different countries.

Integrative Questions
1 What is email spam?
2. What is chatting?
3. How to send a message?
4. How to obtain the email addresses?
5. Define email spam?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
REGULATORY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1 : Information Overload
Quote: The impact within this issue Together with the amount of information being produced from various people on the net, the problem of Information Overload arises. The implication arises from the psychological field.
Learning Expectations:
It refers to an excess amount of information being provided, making processing and absorbing tasks very difficult for the individual because sometimes we cannot see the validity behind the information.
Review:
The world moves into a new era of globalization, an increasing number of people are logging onto the internet to conduct their own research and are given the ability to produce as well as consume the data accessed on an increasing number of websites As of February 2007 there were over 108 million distinct websites and increasing. Users are now classified as active users because more people in society are participating in the Digital and Information Age More and more people are considered to be active writers and viewers because of their participation This flow has created a new life where we are now dependant on access to information
Hence, problems like misunderstanding arise in a society, and this creates havoc and madness. Since information is different, people tend to react differently according to their set of beliefs corroborating with the information available.
Lessons Learned
The growth provides opportunity for interaction and communication to take place. Individuals are able to converse about certain issues with different information hence bringing up a discussion. For example, in www.murdoch.edu.au, an LMS site is provided in which unit discussions within students takes place. One of the questions that are being asked is, “Is Second Life the New Life”. As we know, students have a range of information and thus, with their own set of knowledge from journals, books and website references, they argue their points out with one another hence improving the students to think critically and beyond the box. In the midst of this discussion, unintentionally interaction and communication takes place.
Integrative Questions
1. What is the rapidly increasing rate of new information being produced?
2. What are the ease of duplication and transmission?
3. What are the data across the Internet?
4. Is there an increase in the available channels of incoming information?
5. Find the Large amounts of historical information to dig through?

The Handbook of Computer Ethics

Name of the Book:
REGULATORY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Book Review Chapter:
Chapter 1: Regulation and Governance of the Internet
Quote: Infrastructure layer can be considered the foundational layer of the Internet– it includes the copper and optical fibre cables (or “pipes”) and radio waves that carry data around the world and into users’ homes.
Learning Expectations:
In theory, this allows the market to determine interconnection in an efficient manner. In practice, however, unequal market position, and in particular the important positions occupied by Tier 1 providers, means that the larger providers are often able to dictate terms to the smaller ones, which in turn must bear.
Review:
The Internet is a “network of networks”; it is composed of a multitude of smaller networks that must connect together (“interconnect”) in order for the global network to function seamlessly. In traditional telecommunications networks, interconnection is clearly regulated at the national level by State authorities, and at the international level (i.e., between national networks) by well-defined principles and agreements, some of which are supervised by the ITU. Interconnection between Internet networks, however, is not clearly governed by any entity, rules or laws. In recent years, this inherent ambiguity has become increasingly problematic, leading to high access costs for remote and developing countries, and in need of some kind of governance solution. Indeed, in its final report, the WGIG identified the ambiguity and uneven distribution of international interconnection costs as one of the key issues requiring a governance solution.15
On the Internet, access providers must interconnect with each other across international, national or local boundaries.
Lessons Learned
As we have seen, Internet governance encompasses a range of issues and actors, and takes place at many layers. Throughout the network, there exist problems that need solutions, and, more importantly, potential that can be unleashed by better governance. It is not possible here to capture the full range of issues. This section, rather, seeks to provide a sampling. It describes the issues by layers, and it also discusses key actors for each layer.
Integrative Questions
1. What are the access for every citizen on an individual or household basis?
2. Is there an assurance that all citizens are within reach of an access point?
3. How to access only to basic telephony?
4. What are the value-added services like the Internet and broadband; and
5. Find the access only to infrastructure, or also to content, services and applications.